Hoses and Regulator

We must choose the correct nozzles and tips to suit the fuel gas that is going to be used when cutting or heating. We also must make sure that our handset is the right one for the fuel gas that we are going to use. The next step is to make sure that we are using the right hoses and regulators. Traditionally Oxygen hoses were black and Acetylene hoses were maroon in color. And this matched the color of the bottles.

However, the current Australian and ISO standards for these hoses specify:

Blue for Oxygen,


Red for Acetylene and


Orange for LPG/Natural Gas hoses. 

It is important to note that Acetylene and LPG/Natural Gas hoses are made of different materials because of the different properties of the gases. Therefore they are NOT interchangeable, even though they both have the same size left hand thread connectors.

Regulators also use the same color coding, and are labeled with the gas type.

Note that left hand threads are indicated by the notches in the corners of the hex fittings on the Acetylene and LPG/Natural Gas connections.

Note that there are other gases that also use the same colours.

The example shown on the left is also blue (like Oxygen) but is designed for Argon. It has an outlet gauge that measures litres/min rather than kPa.

CIGWELD Oxygen, Acetylene, and LPG/Natural Gas regulators have the gas type specified on the gauges.

This provides another way of checking that you have the right one.

Flashback Arrestors are also color coded. Oxygen is still blue, but the red flashback arrestors are used for Acetylene and LPG/Natural Gas.

This document focuses on some of the typical equipment that we use. It does not cover all hardware that is available.





















Look More Article:

• Seal Technology
• Computer Technology

China Supposed Attack Google

China is supposed to attack Google as the biggest internet service market on the world. China is supposed want to get privacy data from Google. Google says that some of organized group from china several time try to enter the Google security system, this effort also have reported to US government about this condition.

Since last year China become the highest number of internet user to pass US as that become the second number of Internet user in the world. The thretened to the Google security system, Google also mean to close the operation on Chnia, because can make dangerous to the Google system that now still be a number one on the Internet world service.

China as the first of economic earning now seems want be enhanced their business to internet service and want to get market from this business.

Developing and Improving Life Cycle Asset Management

In an environment of global competition, the system effective maintenance needs to draw on specialized knowledge more than ever before. The professionals need to provide best practices to those system maintenance, and so need to be familiar with all aspects of physical asset management; why certain problem occur, what are going to do about those problems; how to develop an effective organization's in order to get the best results.

Maintenance Excellence details the strategies, tools, and solutions for maximizing the productivity of physical assets—focusing on profitability potential. This knowledge also should provide contemporary concerns, key terms, data requirements, critical methodologies, and essential mathematical needs.

On trying to improve and developing an asset management, we need to learn how proposes a concept utilizing a reliability-based analysis system, based on our experience and knowledge, will provide asset managers with a dependable and easy-to-use tool for their decision making processes in the management of buildings. The creation of such a tool will permit the monitoring and management of quality during the building's life cycle. They present maintenance in a business context, review planning, measurement, feedback, and techniques related to cost, risk, efficiency, and results, and summarize applications tools of statistics and neural networks to cost-optimized models.

To realize the developing and improving of life cycle we must understand and able to:

• Learn the core concepts of fundamental Maintenance management system & application in industry.
• Understand how to modify & improve the existing maintenance system without avoid the safety and business aspects.
• Learn how implement the tools of cost effective system as a basic to control production program.
• Be able to measure the maintenance outcomes.
• Have a detailed knowledge of the maintenance optimization practices, on a life-cycle basis, in order to maximize facility service life and more effectively allocate resources.

Smart Watch – SPOT

Spirit by many film like James Bond that always use of new kind technology, this kind of watch also created from imagination. About four years ago, Microsoft’s research and Development team came up with a new technology called Smart Personal Object Technology (SPOT) that uses FM radio signals to broadcast news, weather and other information to wristwatches.

The first smart watches leveraging SPOT were first launched last January at the Consumer Electronics show however it did take them a few extra months to get the wireless service running with all its features and have wristwatches available more widely.

This Smart Watch composed by three pillars; the computing platform (SPOT) or computer technology, the wireless service (MSN Direct) and a new FM radio-based network (Microsoft DirectBand network).

My Last Post:

• Internet Technology
• Material Handling Technology
• Material Technology
• Information Technology for Health Care

Online Marketing Master Degree

If you really want understand of Internet marketing strategy you should read this, one of the internet marketing master degree advertising content and what they advise should learn.

Learn how a powerful online presence can help strengthen a brand with a Master's Degree in Internet Marketing from Full Sail University.

Our 12-month program teaches you the strategic marketing methods to hit your target demographic and expand your share of the online marketplace. Specialized curriculum covers advanced search engine optimization, Internet marketing campaign development, and strategic Internet public relations.

Potential career paths include:

• SEO Strategist
• Search Engine Optimization Manager
• Search Engine Marketing and Online Media Manager
• Internet Marketing Consultant
• Director of Marketing
• Quantitative Marketing Manager
• Marketing Communications Director
• Manager of Search Engine Diagnostics
  and Analytics
• Artist Relations

Seal Technology

Mechanical seal have been use in many kind of pumps like mechanical seal on centrifugal pump. Mechanical seal have been used for many years to seal any number of liquids at various speeds, pressures, and temperatures. Today plant operators are benefiting from improved seal technologies driven by the U.S Clean Air Act of 1990, and the American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 682. These new seal technologies are based on advanced computer programs used to optimize seal designs, which are then verified through performance testing at simulated refinery conditions required by the API. The results to date indicate not only an improvement in emissions control, but also a major increase in equipment reliability.

Classes of Seal Technology
Emerging seal technology are providing clear choices for sealing. Various plant services require the application of these new technologies for emissions control, safety and reliability. Sealing systems are now available that are based on the preferred method of lubrication to be used.

These classes are as follows:

Contacting liquid lubricated seals:

Normally, a single seal arrangement is cooled and lubricated by the liquid being sealed. This is the most cost effective seal installation available to the industry.
Dual seals are arranged to contain a pressurized or non pressurized barrier or buffer liquid.

Normally this arrangement will be used on applications where the liquid being sealed is not a good lubricating fluid for a seal for emissions containment. These arrangements require a lubrication system for the circulation of barrier or buffer liquids.

Non contacting gas lubricated seals:

Dual non-contacting, gas lubricated seals are pressurized with an inert gas such as nitrogen.

Dual non-contacting, gas lubricated seals are used in a tandem arrangement and pressurized by the process liquid being sealed, which is allowed to flash to gas at the seal. A tandem seal arrangement is used on those liquids that represent a danger to the plant environment. For non-hazardous liquids, a single seal can be used.

There are many kind of pump can see on the refference here:

• Centrifugal pump
• Vertical Pump
• Diaphragma Pump
• Centrifugal Pump with Magnetic Bearing
• Reciprocating Pump
• Jet Pump
• Volute Pump

More Faster 3G Network Connection

The increase to its mobile broadband speed includes an upgrade of High Speed Packet Access that the company currently uses. The upgrade will increase AT&T's theoretical network speed to 7.2 megabits per second, up from current speeds of 3 megabits per second.

Typical real world speeds experienced by users with upgraded 3G will be less than the theoretical peak and will vary based on a number of factors, including location, device, and overall traffic on the local network at a given time.

Electronic Knowledge: Faster 3G Network

40 years Anniversary Landed on the Moon

People have landed on the moon 40 years ago, Neil Amstrong be the first man who landed on the moon. That history not redo again, what is the problem, because the material have increasing, and the world have no knowledge how build a plane to reach the moon.

New plane design for space aircraft like Columbus can't reach the moon, why? Just around the moon several times. New space worse the last design like Apollo 11 that reach the moon and even landed on the moon.

Current technology always developed and better than the last, if new technology have no better design than will be not use again and there are no people to look that technology more. So that also happen to Columbus space plane, that worse than Appolo 11 that can reach the moon.

Computer Technology

Technology have increasing vastly, especially in information technology. Many new invention on information technology have bring us to the world that so hard to understand. Longer we wrestle information world, hence would more and more odd new invention.

One of new invention is the tools that can make us more simple on grasp the news in all over the world, and may this invention will make more easy and cheap for every people on this world to access and received a new information that fly on this world. Through internet of course, with simple bring and really light. Using a ballpoint with completed by computer technology people can see and communicate through internet.

The gaps between people will more big, the technology created this and many people don’t realize this. Look to the image below:


This ballpoint is not ordinary ballpoint.


This ballpoint can transmits keyboard light which able to be typed and gives response signal at contact to the keyboard picture.

The same way also on this PDA.

And from the other ballpoint can light the information that just we input through keyboard picture. Very fantastic.

Radar Definition and Application

Radar was the name given during World War II to an electronic system by which radio waves were bounced off an aircraft in order to locate its position. The term is an acronym made from the fuller term radio diction and ranging. Development of the earliest practical radar system is usually credited to Sir Robert Watson Watt. The definition is on this link Radar.

Operation
A radio transmitter generates radio waves, which are then radiated from an antenna, “illuminating” the airspace with radio waves. A target, such as an aircraft, that enters this space scatters a small potion of this radio energy back to a receiving antenna. This week signal is amplified by an electronic amplifier and displayed on a cathode ray tube (CRT) TV. Thus the presence of the aircraft has been detected, but to determine its position the aircraft distance (range) and bearing must be measured. Because radio waves travel at a known constant velocity-the speed of light, which is 300,000 km/sec. or 186,000 mi/sec-the range may be found by measuring the time talked for a radio wave to travel from transmitter to aircraft and back to the receiver. For example, if the range were 186 miles, the time for the round trip would be (2 x 186) + 186,000 = two thousandths of a second, or 2,000 microseconds. There is no airplane have a speed near to the light speed so the speed of radar will fast enough to detect the airplane position.

The radio frequency pulse is emitted on receipt of a firing signal from a trigger unit that simultaneously initiates the time base sweep on the CRT. Thus the electronic clock is started, and when the echo signal is seen on the tube the time delay can be measured, giving the range, the pulses are emitted at the rate of a few hundred per second so that the operator sees a steady signal.

Man Landed on the Moon

Forty years ago, world become surprise of news about the first man who can landed on the moon. Is it true that astronauts Neil Armstrong had set foot on Earth's satellite? After that mission then no other country can prove it can be landed on the moon even have more than 35 years after that mission.

Then, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin walking on the surface of the Moon. Video depicts Armstrong put the U.S. flag and jump around. This action emphasizes the success of landing men on the Moon.

Several parties dispute the landing. This video is full of curiosity. There is the video that is not made on the Moon, but in a special place in the vicinity of the State of Arizona, USA.

Astronom Phil Plait, the man that is doubt of this success mission. He gives an explanation on the radio program "Are We Alone", which is managed by SETI Institute. This is a non-profit organization in California, U.S., which focus on the explanation of the existence of other smart creature in this universe.

Plait said, there other skeptical ask about pictures, Armstrong and Aldrin that shows the sky without stars. "There is no atmosphere on the moon so the stars should look brighter."

The question is also skeptical that the U.S. flag in the video snippets that appear flying, the moon have no air.

They also propose a theory that the astronauts may have been fired by radiation when going through the Van Allen belt in travel to the Moon.

Believe it or not!

Material Handling Technology

PHYSICAL-DISTRIBUTION CONCEPT

Systems Approach Physical distribution is a term applied to a systems concept that comprises the entire spectrum of materials movement. The system begins with the storage and handling of raw materials and follows right on through the packaging and disposition of the finished product. The aim is the attainment of the lowest overall cost for the system as a whole, comprising the expenses borne by the manufacturer, transport carrier, warehouse, distributor, and customer.

Even the manner in which the customer will handle the product is often taken into account. Two main benefits accrue from a systems approach to materials handling and packaging. First, a trade-off of investment and operating costs is made possible; higher costs in some parts of a system become permissible in return for much lower costs in other parts. The net result is usually the lowest overall cost. If this is not the case, the reasons for incurring the higher costs can be identified and justified. The second benefit is that customers are not offended by ill-conceived packages, delivery vehicles, or product characteristics.

Mathematical modeling, using digital computers, aids in performing a systems-type analysis for either the entire system or parts of it. By means of integer or linear-programming techniques, optimum systems can be identified. The dynamic performance of these can then be determined by simulation techniques.

Determining the capacities of material-handling and packaging equipment is a primary consideration. Many interacting variables often are involved, such as an ever-changing or intermittent material delivery rate, the capacity of intermediate storage and receiver bins, random stoppage or failure of equipment in the system, and the setup and cleanup time between product grades or blends. Variables frequently interact in such complex ways that conventional capacity analyses are impossible, especially if the interaction varies with time.

Under such conditions the question of whether the system will deliver the required output can be answered only by simulation techniques. Even when a total system analysis is unnecessary, the methodology of mathematical modeling is useful, because by considering each component of a system as a block of a flow sheet, the interrelationships become much clearer. Additional alternatives often become apparent, as does the need for more equipment-performance data.

Capacity Definitions In any analysis, the capacity per unit time of dynamic equipment (such as conveyors and bagging machines), as well as the rates at which they actually perform, must be defined more precisely and realistically than by a mere statement of kilograms or pounds per hour. Some useful definitions employed by the equipment industry are the following:

Instantaneous Rate This is a short-term rate when the equipment operates at the design rate or faster. Typical is the average weight handled over a short period of time, not exceeding 5 min.

Hourly Rate This intermediate rate takes into account equipment stoppages due principally to mechanical downtime rather than the equipment's idle time while it waits for action by other parts of the system.

Shift Rate A long-term rate, this reflects all causes of downtime, including idle time. Thus, the average per shift will vary, but by examining its range the practical capacity can be determined. Production time lost due to scheduling of the equipment affects the shift rate. On certain days the equipment has a shift rate close to the hourly rate, while on other days this rate is only half of the hourly rate. Examination of the reasons for this difference often identifies scheduled events as being responsible: the equipment was shut down for cleanup between product grades, product was unavailable for packaging because a bulk order had to be filled, or the product scheduled had a production rate which was half of the products normally made. These capacity definitions are used to define responsibilities of both vendors and buyers. For instance, often a vendor is called in to examine a piece of equipment that does not perform at the "guaranteed" rate.

Records of shift production are offered as proof. Yet the vendor then makes a test and shows that the guaranteed rate is met over a short interval. Who is correct? By defining rates the engineer responsible for the installation not only can avoid these situations but can obtain a better appreciation of potential plant situations.

Internet Technology

Beware of your children of using internet make them forget everything. The Internet right now more visible to us, to children and to everybody and a whole lot of it is junk, spam or inane status updates. How do you begin to navigate through the zillions of news articles, Web sites, tweets and other stuff online to find content that matters to you?

These are the online equivalents of the extremely savvy, clued-in friends you always turn to for new new music, and who always get an invite to your cocktail party because you know they’ve got something interesting to talk about or show off.

You may have known about the digital Curator, or even have use. On the Web, digital curators help to organize and manage the data deluge. Content may be still be king, but curated content, filtered through a sieve to help put it into context, may soon begin to reign supreme.

Like their museum counterparts, digital curators either individuals, communities or Web services are adept at unearthing gems and obscure artifacts from the Web that might be of interest to a larger audience.

Let’s say you find the glut of videos on YouTube overwhelming. Rather than aimlessly skipping between the latest Rihanna music video and grainy shorts of narcoleptic puppies to entertain yourself during your lunch hour, head to a site that sifts through heaps of online videos to produce a handcrafted playlist of content.

For example, there’s Nizmlab, where editors comb through YouTube and Vimeo to offer a current snapshot of viral videos and popular shorts bubbling up on the Web. Recently featured videos ranged from a 3-D short about an aircraft carrier to a commercial stunt involving crowds singing in Trafalgar Square.

You can find a more eclectic sampling of online video at Chunnel.tv, a repository for bizarre, artsy clips that includes shorts by the Czech surrealist Jan Svankmajer, stop-motion paper craft and propaganda videos from the 1976 swine flu outbreak.
Those are some of my favorite video curators, but you may have others share them in the comments below.

Information Technology to Health Care

Information Technology is very useful to medical manpower, doctors, and their assistance and administration staff. Without this technology they will slow to give their service and may to long for the next diagnose of certain diseases and for take a decision based on the last data patients. They serve to many people sometime hundreds even thousands, for fast checking of certain data they will need more time, using Information technology they will work more fast and easies and will get accurate in formations. The problem is usually on the technology gaps among the staff that will use this tool.

Many leaders are calling for the widespread adoption of electronic medical records (EMR) in America. Opinions vary, however, about whether the EMR as commercially available can deliver sufficient benefits to practicing doctors to induce them to purchase and use it. In this paper, Moore critiques the current product design of EMRs and offers suggestions for how information technology could improve the design of such efforts.

The design weakness Moore presents is the required recording of doctors' medical notes. He argues that this information—detailed history and progress notes—is difficult to standardize and thus entering it into a rigid format requires considerable training and effort.

Moore outlines four areas in which information technology could offer benefits to doctors and patients at lower cost and effort to more quickly deliver an improved health care system.

Delivering universal interconnect ability on an electronic backbone. Replacing archival record functions with physician order-entry as the foundation of the information technology system.

• Creating logic architecture that can integrate, track and pace the hundreds of transactions that constitute the process of care for an individual patient.
• Constructing performance-based clinical database that can serve to inform research efforts and performance improvements.

Materials Technology

Materials technology comprises the selection, production, and processing of materials to ensure that they ultimately have the desired shape and specified properties for optimum performance. Materials include plastic, glass, ceramics, metals, and semiconductors; they may be used alone or in combinations.

Engineering of Materials
To specify the required properties, a materials engineer must work with other engineer to anticipate the functional and service requirements of the final product. The materials engineer must be familiar with many field of technology; chemistry, physics, metallurgy, ceramics, and so on. The guiding principle of materials technology is that:

1. Properties depend directly on the internal structure of the materials.
2. Any desired change in properties required an appropriate change in the internal structure.

Conversely, if service condition changes the internal structure, a corresponding change must be expected in the properties.

Properties of Materials
The engineer who design machines, electrical products, buildings, refineries, nuclear reactors, and ships has to know whether the chosen materials will perform as required, and whether they will resist failure in service. Key properties include mechanical behavior, electrical and magnetic responses, thermal characteristics, and chemical stability.

Mechanical properties involve the response of materials to applied forces, or loads. Stress is the amount of load per unit of area. Materials respond to a stress with a strain, which is deformation per unit length. Typically the initial stress is elastic; that is, the material resumes its original shape when the stress is removed. The amount of elastic stress is proportional to the applied stress. The ratio of stress to strain is characteristic property of a material and is called the modulus of elasticity. Its value is high for a rigid material such as steel, and much lower for flexible materials.

Technology Gaps Among Physicians

Physicians are a critical job for many people especially in hospital and clinic. As continues improvement on technology, they are forced to master every new technology that is currently available on health care technology. Beside they should be mastered in the medical knowledge that improves so vastly, they should be mastered new technology that has improved on the medical tools itself.

While the needed also increasing, not all doctor have high income for their job. The Government sometime doesn’t full to support them about current situation. Right now doctor has many other competitors with other medical practitioner, such as traditional medicine, traditional cure and many others cure practitioner. So doctor income sometime is very limited to follow and not enough to follow a modern technology inovation.

Physicians in smaller practices continue to lag well behind physicians in larger practices in reporting the availability of clinical information technology (IT) in their offices, according to a new national study from the Center for Studying Health System Change (HSC). The proportion of physicians reporting access to IT for each of five clinical activities increased across all practice settings between 2000–2001 and 2004–2005.

Adoption gaps between small and large practices persisted, however, for two of the clinical activities—obtaining treatment guidelines and exchanging clinical data with other physicians—and widened for the other three—accessing patient notes, generating preventive care reminders and writing prescriptions. In contrast, clinical IT was generally as likely or more likely to be available to physicians in practices treating larger proportions of vulnerable and underserved patients as other physicians, a pattern that did not change between the two periods.

Microphoto Contest

On the medical electronic tool have used a tool that can see to the inside the body of entire problem using micro photo. This tool creates with a very small cable that can be inserted into the body through mouth or nose trill. On the top of this tool there is a camera that can take a photo or record inside the body conditions.

On this time Nikon perform of micro photo contest, hoping that new technology can be applied to many applications, like medical and science. For most of the year, their work is concealed from public view at the end of powerful microscopes. But once a year, the Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition magnifies them and puts them center stage. Many photo that followed on this contest, such as micro animals photo, medicine photo, organ photo and many others.

This year's winner is Michael Stringer from the United Kingdom who took first place with a photo of Pleurosigma (marine diatoms), magnified 200 times. It was taken using darkfield and polarized light.

“My objective was to display diatoms in today's modern style, through the careful application of colors," said Stringer.

The winning entries are judged on their scientific and artistic merits. Stringer's image was picked from nearly 2,000 entries that were received this year from scientists and artists across the world.

Energy Saving

Introduction

Industrial activity always involve of using energy and electric power. Raw material price to produce energy and electric power always increase will directly affected to the production cost, because of the energy consume become a highest component of production cost.

Beside of using energy, all industry also will release an emission waste to the air and become a high pollutant source. This problem becomes an environmental issue and always press to the industrial practice to reduce air pollution. On this connection efficiency and effective of energy using become more important and many benefit on this activity.

The step to realize this efficiency program can be done on one of program packed that called as Energy Saving Program. On the program there are audit representing the early step of identifying the existence of energy saving possibility. The next step to follow up of audit result that determines a suitable action of applying Energy Saving Program that hope will have a great effect to the company.

The next step of that program is program evaluation and improves the next program base on evaluation. If this is continuous apply the company will get of energy saving, cost efficiency, better performance, and company culture that environmental friendly.
To improve culture on the company especially on energy saving effect, the company can arrange a training program that is focused on that angle.

Training Goal:

• The trainees will understand the energy saving policy on the company.
• The trainees will be able to identify the energy saving potential in that work area.
• Trainees will be trained how to create a energy saving program step.

Subject Course:

• Introduction of Energy Saving Program Strategy
• The characteristic of energy using in Industry
• Planning of Energy Saving Program
  o How to build a team
  o How to identify the energy using.
  o Energy Saving Audit
• To analyze energy saving solution alternative
  o Expense benefit analysis
  o Finance analysis, IRR
  o NPV
  o Technical analysis
• Applying Energy Saving
• Evaluation and Energy Saving Program improvement Case study of Energy Saving Program application that cause not just to the company itself but also to the environment and the society.

Technology and Society

Examples abound of the ways technology cuts across vastly different political and economic systems. The sociologist Reinhard Bendix compared the American, British, and soviet experience in his work and authority in industry (1956) and found that the managerial concerns about the attitudes of workers and productivity were similar in all three countries. Even earlier, James Burham in The Managerial Revolution (1941) put the case for a convergence toward similar patterns of industrial organization in democratic, fascist, and communist societies. More recently such critics as Jacques Ellui have concluded even more sweepingly that technology innovation has its own dynamic that not only reaches across political ideologies but also represents a monstrous force that must be contained with the utmost vigilance if it is not to enslave people. This negative view finds expression in various ways, from calls for a complete halt in further technological development to suggestions of milder forms of controlling or taming technology.

Technology Assessment

Some observers insist that the real dangers from technology, such as irreversible ecological damage and widely fluctuating employment patterns, can be dealt with if the danger are known in advance. The U.S. office of technology Assessment (OTA) was established in 1973 to advise congress on the potential social and environmental effect of new technologies; on their likely costs; and on their impacts on already existing technology systems.

Nuclear Medicine Technology

Medicine is not just using chemicals or other substance from plant, medicine also using many tools such as needle such as on acupuncture and may use electric device. Other new development and technology inovation on medicine technology is using nuclear as the substance to detect or to cure the diseases.

Two-thirds of nuclear medicine technologists worked in hospitals. Nuclear medicine technology programs range in length from 1 to 4 years and lead to a certificate, an associate degree, or a bachelor’s degree. Faster-than-average job growth will arise from an increase in the number of middle-aged and elderly persons, who are the primary users of diagnostic and treatment procedures.

Nuclear medicine technologists operate cameras that detect and map the radioactive drug in a patient’s body to create diagnostic images. After explaining test procedures to patients, technologists prepare a dosage of the radiopharmaceutical and administer it by mouth, injection, inhalation, or other means. They position patients and start a gamma scintillation camera, or “scanner,” which creates images of the distribution of a radiopharmaceutical as it localizes in, and emits signals from, the patient’s body. The images are produced on a computer screen or on film for a physician to interpret.

When preparing radiopharmaceuticals, technologists adhere to safety standards that keep the radiation exposure as low as possible to workers and patients. Technologists keep patient records and document the amount and type of radionuclides that they receive, use, and discard.

Although the potential for radiation exposure exists in this field, it is minimized by the use of shielded syringes, gloves, and other protective devices and by adherence to strict radiation safety guidelines. The amount of radiation in a nuclear medicine procedure is comparable to that received during a diagnostic x-ray procedure. Technologists also wear badges that measure radiation levels. Because of safety programs, badge measurements rarely exceed established safety levels.

Nuclear medicine technologists generally work a 40-hour week, perhaps including evening or weekend hours, in departments that operate on an extended schedule. Opportunities for part-time and shift work also are available. In addition, technologists in hospitals may have on-call duty on a rotational basis, and those employed by mobile imaging services may be required to travel to several locations.

Technology

Technology as general thinking is a tools to make something more easier, more fast or more practice and saving. Technology is a major cultural determinant, no less important in shaping human lives than philosophy, religion, social organization, or political systems. In the broadcast sense, these forces are also aspects of technology. The French sociologist Jacques Ellul has defined La technique as the totally of all rational methods in every field of human activity, so that, for example, education, law, sports, propaganda, and the social sciences are scale, common parlance limits the term’s meaning to specific industrial arts.

The terms science and technology are often confounded. The confusion arises because so much of contemporary technology is based on the natural sciences, such disciplines an physics, chemistry, biology and other branches of knowledge that deal with the study, measurement, and understanding of natural phenomena. The achievements of the electronics, pharmaceutical, and plastics industries are based on a huge body of scientific investigation.

In simple terms, the concern of science is “why,” and of technology, “how.” The relationship between the two is actually much more complex, however, and it varies from industry to industry; some technologies are science intensive, whereas the manufacture of such items as cigarettes of furniture depends much less on science. In fact, much of modern technology developed without any scientific input whatever, and there are many examples of entire sciences arising from earlier technologies or developing in an effort to explain findings made by scientifically naive artisans. For instance, gunnery led to ballistics; the steam engine, to thermodynamics; powered flight, to aerodynamics; primitive metalworking, to metallurgy; and communications, to radio astronomy.

Technology Innovation

Industrial Revolution

During certain periods in history innovation in technology have grown at such a rapid pace that they have produced what have become known as industrial revolutions. The term Industrial Revolution originally referred to the development that transformed Great Britain, between 1750 and 1830, from a largely rural population making a living almost entirely from agriculture to a town-centered society engaged increasingly in factory manufacture. Other European nations underwent the same process soon thereafter, followed by others during the 19th century, and still others (such as Russia and Japan) in the first half of the 20th century. In some countries this transformation is only now taking place or still lies in the future.

Research and Development

In the 20th century technological innovation has been to a large degree institutionalized by organized research and development (R&D). This phenomenon paralleled, and to some extent antedated, the second Industrial Revolution. Some large firm in science-intensive industries maintains R&D laboratories employing thousand of people. R&D organizations operated or largely sponsored by national government are another source of technological innovation, as are the engineering and science departments and research institute of universities.

Under these circumstances private inventors are likely to play a progressively smaller role in bringing about innovation, although they are not likely to disappear altogether. That smaller role is especially evident in the stages of innovation that follow invention, development, testing, design, production, marketing, and distribution, that now often require financial and managerial resources that are beyond the capabilities of the inventor entrepreneur.